In the previous article you could see inrtoduction to the comparison of Urdu, Persian and Hindi-part — I. The comparison shows verbal forms in different tenses and there is some mechanism of borrowing grammatical structures. The analyze of prepositions was made early and this looks closely onto grammatical issues. The table shows the different verbs with their three verbal forms.
The changing those can be traced are shown below. The Persian language isn’t used here because it is shown that Hindi and Urdu are Indo-Aryan, it was approved in the previous article about them.
- Lag – lagi
- Hai – hain
- Uske — usake
- Unke – unake
- Mere – mere
- Kaar – kareen
- Guevraj – geraaj
- Bahar – baahar
- Kitab – kitaab
- Kitabe’n – kitaaben
- …
As it is shown above, the both of the languages are Indo-Aryan and next stage is analyze of syllables in their ancestral language, it means in Proto-Indo-Aryan.
Appendix 1, Persian and Punjabi and Hindi words
Marks which are shown below associate the three languages between one another..
| Translation | Punjabi | Persian | Hindi |
| I | main | man | main |
| thou | tūn | tu | tum |
| we | asīn | mA | ham |
| this | ih | in | is |
| that | uh | An | us |
| who | kaun | ke | kaun |
| what | kī | che | kya |
| not | nahīn | ne | nahin |
| all | sabh | hame | sab |
| many | bahut | besyAri | anek |
| one | ikk | yel | ek |
| two | do | do | do |
| big | vadda | bozorg | bade |
| long | lamba | tulani | lamba |
| small | choṭa | kuchek | chhota |
| woman | zanāni | zan | mahila |
| man (adult male) |
ādami | mard | aadamee |
| man (human being) |
manukh | ensAn | aadamee |
| bird | panchhi | parande | chidiya |
| dog | kutta | sag | kutta |
| louse | jūn | bAshe | joon |
| tree | darakhat | dirakht | ped |
| seed | bi | bazr | beej |
| leaf | patta | barg | pattee |
| root | jar | saqf | jad |
| bark | chhill | paranda | chhaal |
| skin | chamri | post | tvacha |
| meat | mās | gosht | maans |
| blood | khūn | khun | rakt |
| bone | haddi | ustukhwAn | haddee |
| fat (n.) | charbi | charbi | vasa |
| fire | agg | atish | aag |
| egg | anda | tuhm | anda |
| horn | sing | shAkh | seeng |
| tail | pūnchh | dum | poonchh |
| feather | khambh | par | pankh |
| fish | machchhi | mAhi | machhalee |
| hair | vāl | mu (mo) | kesh |
| head | sir | sar | sir |
| ear | kann | gosh | kaan |
| eye | akkh | chashm | aankh |
| fingernail | nahun | nakhun | nakh |
| nose | nakk | bini | naak |
| mouth | mūnh | dahon | munh |
| tooth | dand | dandAn | daant |
| tongue | jībh | zabAn | jubaan |
| foot | pair | pA | pair |
| knee | goda | zAnu | ghutana |
| hand | hatth | dast | haath |
| belly | dhidd | shikam | pet |
| neck | gardan | gardan | naichl |
| breast | chhāti | piston | stan |
| heart | dil | dig | dil |
| liver | jigar | jigar | jigar |
| drink | pīna | bushidan | peena |
| eat | khāna | khwurdan | khaana |
| bite | kattna | gazidan | kaatana |
| see | dekhna | didan | dekhana |
| hear | sunna | shanidan | sunana |
| know | jānna | dAnestan | jaanana |
| sleep | sauna | khAbidan | sona |
| die | marna | mardan | marana |
| kill | mārna | kashtan | maarana |
| swim | tairna | sheno kardan | tairana |
| fly (v.) | uddna | paridan | udana |
| walk | turna | rAh raftan | chalana |
| come | auna | residan | aana |
| lie | letna | durogh | jhooth bolana |
| sit | baithna | neshestan | baithiye |
| stand | kharna | istAdan | khada |
| give | dena | dAdan | dena |
| say | kahina | goftan | kahana |
| sun | sūraj | khorshid | ravi |
| moon | chand | mAh | chaand |
| star | tāra | setAre | taara |
| water | pāni | Ab | paanee |
| rain | mīnh | bArAn | baarish |
| stone | patthar | sang | patthar |
| sand | reta | rig | ret |
| earth | dharti | zamin | prthvee |
| cloud | baddal | Abr | baadal |
| smoke | dhūān | dud | dhuaan |
| ashes | suāh | khAkistar | raakh |
| burn | sārna | sozAndan | jalaana |
| road | sarak | rAh | sadak |
| mountain | pahār | koh | parvat |
| red | lāl | surkh | laal |
| green | hara | sabz | hara |
| yellow | pīla | zard | peela |
| white | chitta | sefid | saphed |
| black | kāla | siyAh | kaalee |
| night | rāt | shab | raat |
| warm | garam | garm | garam |
| cold | thanda | sard | sardee |
| full | pūra | pur | poorn |
| new | navān | nau | naya |
| good | changa | khub | achchha |
| round | gol | gird | gol |
| dry | sukka | khushk | sookha |
| name | nām | nAm | naam |
This article was written by Ilya Duchanin.
Resources,
Google Translator,
Digital Dictionsries of South Asia,
Punjabi101.
Phonology of languages 
Добавить комментарий